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<title>Ardipithecus kadabba</title>
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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>Ardipithecus kadabba</i></span>
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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Ardipithecus kadabba</i><br><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="Messinian" title="Messinian">Messinian</a>, </div>
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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class=" taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span>
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<td>Kingdom:
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<td><a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>
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<td><a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a>
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<td><a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a>
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<td><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a>
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<td><a href="Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a>
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<td><a href="Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a>
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<td><a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a>
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<td>Genus:
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<td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus"><i>Ardipithecus</i></a>
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<td>Species:
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<td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>A. kadabba</b></i></div>
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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Ardipithecus kadabba</i></span></b><br><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Yohannes_Haile-Selassie" title="Yohannes Haile-Selassie">Haile-Selassie</a>, 2001</div>
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<p><i><b>Ardipithecus kadabba</b></i> is the scientific classification given to fossil remains "known only from teeth and bits and pieces of skeletal bones",<sup id="cite_ref-NewKind_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewKind-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally estimated to be 5.8 to 5.2 million years old, and later revised to 5.77 to 5.54 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the first description, these fossils are close to the common ancestor of chimps and humans. Their development lines are estimated to have parted 6.5–5.5 million years ago. It has been described as a "probable <a href="Chronospecies" title="Chronospecies">chronospecies</a>" (i.e. ancestor) of <i><a href="Ardipithecus#Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus">A. ramidus</a></i>. Although originally considered a subspecies of <i>A. ramidus</i>, in 2004 anthropologists <a href="Yohannes_Haile-Selassie" title="Yohannes Haile-Selassie">Yohannes Haile-Selassie</a>, <a href="Gen_Suwa" title="Gen Suwa">Gen Suwa</a>, and <a href="Tim_D._White" title="Tim D. White">Tim D. White</a> published an article elevating <i>A. kadabba</i> to species level on the basis of newly discovered teeth from <a href="Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. These teeth show "primitive morphology and wear pattern" which demonstrate that <i>A. kadabba</i> is a distinct species from <i>A. ramidus</i>.
</p><p>The specific name comes from the <a href="Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a> word for "basal family ancestor".<sup id="cite_ref-EllisNTB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EllisNTB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div>
<p>Fossil remains were first described in 2001 by Ethiopian paleoanthropologist <a href="Yohannes_Haile-Selassie" title="Yohannes Haile-Selassie">Yohannes Haile-Selassie</a> based on bones collected from five localities in the <a href="Middle_Awash" title="Middle Awash">Middle Awash</a>, Ethiopia. Haile-Selassie initially classified them as <i><a href="Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a> kadabba</i>, with <i>kadabba</i> deriving from the <a href="Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar language</a> meaning "<a href="Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> family ancestor".<sup id="cite_ref-Haile2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haile2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, he, along with Japanese paleoanthropologist <a href="Gen_Suwa" title="Gen Suwa">Gen Suwa</a> and American paleoanthropologist <a href="Tim_D._White" title="Tim D. White">Tim D. White</a>, elevated it to species level as <i>A. kadabba</i> based on apparently primitive features compared to <i>A. ramidus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haile2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haile2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>A. kadabba</i> is considered to have been the direct ancestor of <i>A. ramidus</i>, making <i>Ardipithecus</i> a <a href="Chronospecies" title="Chronospecies">chronospecies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovejoy2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovejoy2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Along with elevating it to species level, they suggested that <i>Ardipithecus</i>, <i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i>, and <i><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i> could potentially belong to the same genus.<sup id="cite_ref-Haile2004_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haile2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, American paleoanthropologists Bernard Wood and Nicholas Lonerga said that the larger ape-like canines of <i>A. kadabba</i> cast doubt on its assignment to the human line,<sup id="cite_ref-WoodLonergan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoodLonergan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the position of <i>Ardipithecus</i> near humans has been reaffirmed by the discoverers and colleagues. They see a lineage of apes whose teeth continually reduce in size: <i>A. kadabba</i>–<i>A. ramidus</i>–<i><a href="Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Australopithecus anamensis</a></i>–<i><a href="Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Au africanus</a></i>, though they are unsure if <i>Ardipithecus</i> were the ancestors to these <i>Australopithecus</i> species, or were only closely related.<sup id="cite_ref-White2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Evolutionary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary tree">Evolutionary tree</a> according to a 2019 study:<sup id="cite_ref-Parins2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parins2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<p><i><b>Ardipithecus</b></i>
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<p><i><a href="Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">A. afarensis</a></i>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>
<p><i>A. kadabba</i> is known from nineteen specimens which reveal elements of the teeth, jaw, feet, and hands and arms. The <a href="Holotype_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Holotype specimen">holotype specimen</a>, ALA-VP-2/10, is a right lower jaw fragment with a third molar, discovered in December 1997, and five associated left lower jaw teeth or root fragments collected in 1999.
</p><p>This correction of the initial allocation of the fossil record was based on the argument that <i>Ardipithecus kadabba</i> had more "primitive" features than other <i>Ardipithecus</i> fossils. <i>Ardipithecus kadabba</i> thus also has a greater similarity with the genera <i>Sahelanthropus</i> and <i><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i>. These statements were based on additional bone finds that came to light in November 2002 and were dated at 5.8 to 5.6 million years.
</p><p>At the same time, it was emphasized that evidence could be found of a reduced "honing" complex, traces on the teeth that arise when the canines rub against each other when biting, constantly sharpening their peaks, which has been found in all older finds. The loss of this feature in the successor species of <i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i> has been used for the allocation of discoveries in that line of development of great apes that led to the australopithecines and the genus <i>Homo</i>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoecology">Paleoecology</h2></div>
<p>The first description suggested that <i>Ardipithecus kadabba</i> lived in a habitat that consisted of forests, wooded savannas, and open water areas, as had been described for <i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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</style><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbons, Ann (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/211155/files/PAL_E4410.pdf">"A New Kind of Ancestor: <i>Ardipithecus</i> Unveiled"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>326</b> (5949): <span class="nowrap">36–</span>40. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...326...36G">2009Sci...326...36G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.326_36">10.1126/science.326_36</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19797636">19797636</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Haile2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haile2004_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haile2004_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHaile-SelassieSuwaWhite2004" class="citation journal cs1">Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Suwa, Gen; White, Tim D. (2004). "Late Miocene Teeth from Middle Awash, Ethiopia, and Early Hominid Dental Evolution". <i><a href="Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>303</b> (5663): <span class="nowrap">1503–</span>1505. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...303.1503H">2004Sci...303.1503H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1092978">10.1126/science.1092978</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15001775">15001775</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30387762">30387762</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Lovejoy2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lovejoy2014_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLovejoy2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Owen_Lovejoy_(anthropologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Lovejoy (anthropologist)">Lovejoy, C. O.</a> (2014). "<i>Ardipithecus</i> and Early Human Evolution in Light of Twenty-First-Century Developmental Biology". <i>Journal of Anthropological Research</i>. <b>70</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">337–</span>363. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fjar.0521004.0070.301">10.3998/jar.0521004.0070.301</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24394231">24394231</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84197134">84197134</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-White2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White2015_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteLovejoyAsfawCarlson2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Tim_D._White" title="Tim D. White">White, T. D.</a>; Lovejoy, C. O.; <a href="Berhane_Asfaw" title="Berhane Asfaw">Asfaw, B.</a>; Carlson, J. P.; <a href="Gen_Suwa" title="Gen Suwa">Suwa, G.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413341">"Neither chimpanzee nor human, <i>Ardipithecus</i> reveals the surprising ancestry of both"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>112</b> (16): <span class="nowrap">4877–</span>4884. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..112.4877W">2015PNAS..112.4877W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1403659111">10.1073/pnas.1403659111</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413341">4413341</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25901308">25901308</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Parins2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parins2019_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFParins-FukuchiGreinerMacLatchyFisher2019" class="citation journal cs1">Parins-Fukuchi, C.; Greiner, E.; MacLatchy, L. M.; Fisher, D. C. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/10/05/434894.full.pdf">"Phylogeny, ancestors and anagenesis in the hominin fossil record"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Paleobiology</i>. <b>45</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">378–</span>393. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Pbio...45..378P">2019Pbio...45..378P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fpab.2019.12">10.1017/pab.2019.12</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:196659329">196659329</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWoldegabrielHaile-SelassieRenneHart2001" class="citation journal cs1">Woldegabriel, Giday; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Renne, Paul R.; Hart, William K.; Ambrose, Stanley H.; Asfaw, Berhane; Heiken, Grant; White, Tim (2001). "Geology and palaeontology of the Late Miocene Middle Awash valley, Afar rift, Ethiopia". <i>Nature</i>. <b>412</b> (6843): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>178. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.412..175W">2001Natur.412..175W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35084058">10.1038/35084058</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11449271">11449271</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7017992">7017992</a>.</cite></span>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ardipithecus_kadabba" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Ardipithecus kadabba">Ardipithecus kadabba</a></b></i>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/ardipithecus-kadabba"><i>Ardipithecus kadabba</i></a> on the Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive">Human Timeline (Interactive)</a> – <a href="Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a>, <a href="National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> (August 2016).</li></ul>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1201" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ardipithecus kadabba</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134987" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q134987">Q134987</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Ardipithecus kadabba">Ardipithecus kadabba</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id32371">32371</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4454217">4454217</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4827632">4827632</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11168749">11168749</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=430484">430484</a></span></span></li></ul>
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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Ardipithecus_kadabba&oldid=1300937258">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.
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